Visual Evoked Potentials in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders.

BACKGROUND: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) are rare antibody-mediated disorders of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the spinal cord and optic nerves. The clinical utility of evoked potential recordings (EPs) has already been established for multiple sclerosis, in particular, that of the abnormal visual evoked potentials (VEP), a key criterion in the McDonald diagnostic criteria for MS. However, there have been few reports on EPs in patients with NMOSD. AIM: The aim of our study was to assess the possible involvement of the optical pathway through VEP responses in patients with NMOSD. METHODS: VEPs were prospectively performed in 13 patients with NMOSD. All the patients were recruited from the outpatient clinic of a demyelinating diseases center. The recording was done as recommended by the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. RESULTS: We evaluated the eyes of 12 women with a mean age of 42 years and of one man who was 25 years old. In 6 of the examined eye samples, a response was not obtained, while in the remaining 20 eye samples, we found a significant increase in P100 latency without amplitude change. CONCLUSION: VEPs showed a significant increase in P100 latency. VEP assessment is a non-invasive, painless, fast, and low-cost exam that provides neurophysiological data for diagnosis of NMOSD.

Does oral salbutamol improve fatigue in multiple sclerosis? A pilot placebo-controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Because MS-related fatigue could be associated with enhanced proinflammatory cytokine production, drugs with immunomodulatories properties, such as salbutamol, may represent an alternative treatment. We aimed to evaluate the effect of salbutamol on MS-related fatigue. METHODS: Thirty patients with relapsing-remitting MS who were between 18 and 69 years old, and suffering from fatigue, were evaluated with the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and the Brazilian version of the neurological fatigue index for multiple sclerosis (NFI/MS-BR). They received salbutamol 2 mg twice a day or a placebo in a pilot randomized, double-masked placebo-controlled trial. The primary outcome was the change in the FSS score at the end of 90 days. The secondary outcome was the efficacy, represented by changes in their scores on the NFI/MS-BR subdomains (in the same period) and the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) at the end of 90 days. RESULTS: Thirty subjects were allocated to receive either salbutamol (14) or a placebo (16). There was no superiority of salbutamol over the placebo in the FSS outcome at 30 (p ==0.498), 60 (p = 0.854) and 90 (p = 0.240) days. There was no a significant decrease in the proportion of patients with severe or moderate fatigue in the salbutamol group at the end of the follow-up. The scores on the NFI/MS-BR and its subscales did not improve significantly with treatment. No significant difference was observed in the EDSS outcome (p = 0.313). No serious adverse events were found. An increase in heart rate was evident in the salbutamol group only in the first 30 days, but without statistical significance in relation to placebo (p = 0.077). CONCLUSION: Treatment with salbutamol does not improve fatigue in patients with relapsing-remitting MS.

Comparing the Comprehensive Stroke Ward Versus Mixed Rehabilitation Ward-The Importance of the Team in the Acute Stroke Care in a Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Ischemic stroke is one of the most frequent causes of death in Brazil. Many measures have been taken to reduce this tragic outcome, and one of those is the implementation of stroke units in hospitals. The aim of the present study is to analyze the in-hospital complications for patients with ischemic stroke admitted in a comprehensive stroke ward (CSW) as compared to patients admitted in a mixed rehabilitation ward (MRW). METHODS: A retrospective interventional study with historic controls of patients admitted to the Neurology Division between January 2010 and October 2013. Patients admitted between January 2010 and September 2012 were included in the MRW group, and patients admitted from October 2012 until October 2013 were included in the CSW group. Throughout the whole study period, the same team assisted all the patients. Both groups were paired in relation to age and gender. The rate of in-hospital complications, mortality, and independency on discharge were evaluated in both groups. RESULTS: Each group was comprised of 91 patients. There were no statistically significant differences for any of the risk factors analyzed between the 2 groups nor for outcome measures-in-hospital complications, mortality, and independence on discharge. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that in-hospital complications, independence on discharge, and mortality have similar rates in patients admitted to an MRW compared to patients admitted to a CSW, when the same staff provided them with specialized in-hospital care. EVIDENCE LEVEL: Case-control study-Evidence Level 3.

Clinical follow-up of pregnancy in myasthenia gravis patients.

This study aimed to analyze the outcome and impact of pregnancy in women with myasthenia gravis (MG). Obstetric and clinical data were retrospectively analyzed before, during and after pregnancy. Predictors of outcome were studied. We included 35 pregnancies from 21 MG patients. In the course of MG symptoms in 30 pregnancies with live births, 50% deteriorated (mainly during the second trimester, p = 0.028), 30% improved, and 20% remained unchanged. The deterioration group had more frequent abnormal repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) (p = 0.028) and lower myasthenia gravis composite (MGC) scores (p = 0.045) before pregnancy. The improvement group was associated with higher MGC scores (p = 0.012) before pregnancy. The no-change group was associated with longer duration of MG (p = 0.026) and normal RNS (p = 0.008) before pregnancy. The course of MG in the second pregnancy was different from that in the previous pregnancy in 65.3% of cases. Obstetric complications were reported in 20 pregnancies; the most common was preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) (25.8%), and the most severe were abortion (11.4%) and fetal death (2.9%). Most of the patients delivered via caesarean section (66.7%). Spinal anesthesia was performed in 73.3%. Transient neonatal myasthenia gravis occurred in 12.9% of live-born infants, and no predictors were found. In conclusion, severity and duration of MG, RNS and treatment influence MG and pregnancy. Pregnant MG patients have greater rates of PPROM and caesarean delivery. Our data suggest that duration of MG, MGC and RNS before pregnancy may be useful in helping to predict the course of MG during pregnancy.

Sodium nitroprusside: low price and safe drug to control BP during thrombolysis in AIS.

This study analyzes the use of sodium nitroprusside (SN) as an option to reduce blood pressure (BP) below 180/105 mmHg during the management of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in patients submitted to intravenous thrombolysis.Method The sample was composed by 60 patients who had AIS and were submitted to intravenous rtPA, split in two groups: half in the control group (CG) with BP < 180/105 mmHg and half in SN group with BP > 180/105 mmHg. Outcome variables were any hemorrhagic transformation (HT); the presence of symptomatic HT, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) after 24 hours of treatment; the independence on discharge and death until three months after stroke onset.Results There were no statistical differences between both groups to any of the outcome variables analyzed.Conclusion The SN might be safe for BP control during thrombolysis to AIS.

Sodium nitroprusside: low price and safe drug to control BP during thrombolysis in AIS / Nitroprussiato de sódio: uma droga segura e de baixo custo para o controle de PA durante a trombólise em AVC isquêmico

This study analyzes the use of sodium nitroprusside (SN) as an option to reduce blood pressure (BP) below 180/105 mmHg during the management of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in patients submitted to intravenous thrombolysis.Method The sample was composed by 60 patients who had AIS and were submitted to intravenous rtPA, split in two groups: half in the control group (CG) with BP < 180/105 mmHg and half in SN group with BP > 180/105 mmHg. Outcome variables were any hemorrhagic transformation (HT); the presence of symptomatic HT, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) after 24 hours of treatment; the independence on discharge and death until three months after stroke onset.Results There were no statistical differences between both groups to any of the outcome variables analyzed.Conclusion The SN might be safe for BP control during thrombolysis to AIS.

Este estudo analisa o uso de nitroprussiato de sódio (NS) como uma opção para reduzir a pressão arterial (PA) durante o tratamento do AVC isquêmico agudo (AVCi) em pacientes submetidos à trombólise intravenosa (rtPA).Método A amostra foi composta por 60 pacientes que tiveram AVCi e foram submetidos a rtPA, dividida em dois grupos: 30 pacientes no grupo controle (GC), com PA < 180/105 mmHg e 30 pacientes no grupo NS com PA > 180/105 mmHg. As variáveis analisadas foram qualquer transformação hemorrágica (TH); a presença de TH sintomática, NIHSS após 24 horas de tratamento; a independência na alta e morte até três meses após o AVCi.Resultados Não houve diferença estatística entre os dois grupos para qualquer das variáveis de desfecho analisadas.Conclusão O NS pode ser seguro para o controle da pressão arterial durante a trombólise no AVCi.

Childhood acute bacterial meningitis: risk factors for acute neurological complications and neurological sequelae.

OBJECTIVE: To assess acute neurological complications and neurological sequelae of childhood acute bacterial meningitis in order to determine possible warning signs. METHODS: This retrospective study evaluated children with acute bacterial meningitis (between 1 month and 14 years of age) admitted between 2003 and 2006. RESULTS: Of the 44 patients studied, 17 (38.6%) had acute neurological complications. Seizure was the most frequent (31.8%) complication. Patients with acute neurological complications showed a higher frequency of lower neutrophil count (p = 0.03), seizure at admission (p < 0.01), and S. pneumoniae as the etiologic agent (p = 0.01). Risk factors for the development of acute neurological complications were S. pneumoniae (odds ratio [OR] = 6.4, confidence interval [CI] 1.7-24.7) and neutrophil count < 60% (p < 0.01). Of the 35 patients who were followed up, 14 had neurological sequelae (40%). Behavioral change (22.9%) was the most frequent sequela. Seizures at admission (OR = 5.6, CI 1.2-25.9), cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration > 200 mg/dL (p < 0.01), and cerebrospinal fluid glucose concentration/glycemia ratio (p < 0.01) were identified as risk variables for sequelae. CONCLUSION: Neutrophil count < 60%, seizure at admission, and S. pneumoniae as the etiologic agent were identified as warning signs for acute neurological complications, while protein levels, cerebrospinal fluid glucose concentration/glycemia ratio, and seizure at admission were seen as risk factors for neurological sequelae.

Meningite bacteriana aguda na infância: fatores de risco para complicações agudas e sequelas / Childhood acute bacterial meningitis: risk factors for acute neurological complications and neurological sequelae

OBJETIVO: Estudo retrospectivo que visa avaliar as complicações neurológicas agudas e sequelas neurológicas das meningites bacterianas agudas na infância, a fim de determinar possíveis sinais de alerta. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas crianças (entre 1 mês e 14 anos) internadas entre 2003 e 2006, com meningite bacteriana aguda. RESULTADOS: Dos 44 pacientes incluídos, 17 (38,6%) apresentaram complicações neurológicas agudas, sendo crise convulsiva a mais frequente (31,8%). Os pacientes com complicações neurológicas agudas apresentaram com mais frequência: menor contagem de neutrófilos (p = 0,03), crise convulsiva na admissão (p < 0,01) e S. pneumoniae como agente etiológico (p = 0,01). Os fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de complicações neurológicas agudas foram: S. pneumoniae [razão de chances (odds ratio, OR) = 6,4; intervalo de confiança (IC) 1,7-24,7] e contagem de neutrófilos < 60% (p < 0,01). De 35 pacientes seguidos ambulatorialmente, 14 apresentaram sequelas neurológicas (40%), sendo alteração comportamental a mais frequente. A ocorrência de crise convulsiva na internação (OR = 5,6; IC 1.2-25,9), proteinorraquia > 200 mg/dL (p < 0,01) e menor relação glicorraquia/glicemia (p < 0,01) foram identificadas como variáveis de risco para sequelas. CONCLUSÃO: Contagem de neutrófilos < 60%, crise convulsiva na admissão e S. pneumoniae como agente etiológico foram identificados como sinais de alerta para a ocorrência de complicação neurológica aguda, enquanto que proteinorraquia, menor relação glicorraquia/glicemia e crise convulsiva na internação foram observados como fatores de risco para a ocorrência de sequelas neurológicas.

OBJECTIVE: To assess acute neurological complications and neurological sequelae of childhood acute bacterial meningitis in order to determine possible warning signs. METHODS: This retrospective study evaluated children with acute bacterial meningitis (between 1 month and 14 years of age) admitted between 2003 and 2006. RESULTS: Of the 44 patients studied, 17 (38.6%) had acute neurological complications. Seizure was the most frequent (31.8%) complication. Patients with acute neurological complications showed a higher frequency of lower neutrophil count (p = 0.03), seizure at admission (p < 0.01), and S. pneumoniae as the etiologic agent (p = 0.01). Risk factors for the development of acute neurological complications were S. pneumoniae (odds ratio [OR] = 6.4, confidence interval [CI] 1.7-24.7) and neutrophil count < 60% (p < 0.01). Of the 35 patients who were followed up, 14 had neurological sequelae (40%). Behavioral change (22.9%) was the most frequent sequela. Seizures at admission (OR = 5.6, CI 1.2-25.9), cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration > 200 mg/dL (p < 0.01), and cerebrospinal fluid glucose concentration/glycemia ratio (p < 0.01) were identified as risk variables for sequelae. CONCLUSION: Neutrophil count < 60%, seizure at admission, and S. pneumoniae as the etiologic agent were identified as warning signs for acute neurological complications, while protein levels, cerebrospinal fluid glucose concentration/glycemia ratio, and seizure at admission were seen as risk factors for neurological sequelae.

Analysis of 621 death certificates issued from 1998 to 2007 in Curitiba, Brazil, mentioning epilepsy, epileptic seizures and/or status epilepticus.

PURPOSE: This study aims to study death records mentioning epilepsy, epileptic seizures and/or status epilepticus, in order to survey the population demographics and associated medical conditions, making it possible to outline the patient's profile. METHODS: A qualitative analysis was performed on the data gathered from death certificates from the Curitiba county records ranging from 1998 to 2007 bracket, in which epilepsy, seizure and/or status epilepticus were mentioned as the basic, intermediate, immediate or associated cause of death. RESULTS: Epilepsy was mentioned on 621 death cases in this 10-year-period. The deaths were mainly of male individuals (57.3%), Caucasian (71.6%), single (48.6%) and aged between 20 and 60 years (51.8%). Most of those who died were hospitalized patients (62.5%) and in 64.3% of the reported deaths, the patient received medical care during the event that led to his/her death. Epilepsy itself was considered to be the cause of death in 44%, followed by status epilepticus (9.7%). The most common intermediary and immediate causes were pulmonary infections (11.1%) and cardiac arrest (19.2%), respectively DISCUSSION: Hospitalized younger Caucasian males with epilepsy were the most common cases in this 10-year-period survey. Pulmonary infections were a common finding, but other aspects such as previous trauma, cerebrovascular disease or neoplasm were eventual associated factors. Public health and medical preventative measures can be planned based on the results of this study.